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Reports on Progress in Physics.... Jan 2019Bacterial growth presents many beautiful phenomena that pose new theoretical challenges to statistical physicists, and are also amenable to laboratory experimentation.... (Review)
Review
Bacterial growth presents many beautiful phenomena that pose new theoretical challenges to statistical physicists, and are also amenable to laboratory experimentation. This review provides some of the essential biological background, discusses recent applications of statistical physics in this field, and highlights the potential for future research.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Models, Biological; Models, Statistical; Statistics as Topic
PubMed: 30270850
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aae546 -
FEMS Microbiology Letters Nov 2014Bacteria have the exquisite ability to maintain a precise diameter, cell length, and shape. The dimensions of bacteria size and shape are a classical metric in the... (Review)
Review
Bacteria have the exquisite ability to maintain a precise diameter, cell length, and shape. The dimensions of bacteria size and shape are a classical metric in the distinction of bacterial species. Much of what we know about the particular morphology of any given species is the result of investigations of planktonic cultures. As we explore deeper into the natural habitats of bacteria, it is increasingly clear that bacteria can alter their morphology in response to the environment in which they reside. Specific morphologies are also becoming recognized as advantageous for survival in hostile environments. This is of particular importance in the context of both colonization and infection in the host. There are multiple examples of bacterial pathogens that use morphological changes as a mechanism for evasion of host immune responses and continued persistence. This review will focus on two systems where specific morphological changes are essential for persistence in animal models of human disease. We will also offer insight into the mechanism underlying the morphological changes and how these morphotypes aid in persistence. Additional examples of morphological changes associated with survival will be presented.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Mice; Otitis Media; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 25228010
DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12602 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Oct 2018Owing to the increased cost-effectiveness of high-throughput technologies, the number of studies focusing on the human microbiome and its connections to human health and... (Review)
Review
Owing to the increased cost-effectiveness of high-throughput technologies, the number of studies focusing on the human microbiome and its connections to human health and disease has recently surged. However, best practices in microbiology and clinical research have yet to be clearly established. Here, we present an overview of the challenges and opportunities involved in conducting a metagenomic study, with a particular focus on data processing and analytical methods.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Clinical Protocols; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Metagenomics; Microbiology
PubMed: 30078138
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9209-9 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Dec 2014While genetic polymorphisms play a paramount role in tuberculosis (TB), less is known about their contribution to the severity of diseases caused by other intracellular... (Review)
Review
While genetic polymorphisms play a paramount role in tuberculosis (TB), less is known about their contribution to the severity of diseases caused by other intracellular bacteria and fastidious microorganisms. We searched electronic databases for observational studies reporting on host factors and genetic predisposition to infections caused by intracellular fastidious bacteria published up to 30 May 2014. The contribution of genetic polymorphisms was documented for TB. This includes genetic defects in the mononuclear phagocyte/T helper cell type 1 (Th1) pathway contributing to disseminated TB disease in children and genome-wide linkage analysis (GWAS) in reactivated pulmonary TB in adults. Similarly, experimental studies supported the role of host genetic factors in the clinical presentation of illnesses resulting from other fastidious intracellular bacteria. These include IL-6 -174G/C or low mannose-binding (MBL) polymorphisms, which are incriminated in chronic pulmonary conditions triggered by C. pneumoniae, type 2-like cytokine secretion polymorphisms, which are correlated with various clinical patterns of M. pneumoniae infections, and genetic variation in the NOD2 gene, which is an indicator of tubal pathology resulting from Chamydia trachomatis infections. Monocyte/macrophage migration and T lymphocyte recruitment defects are corroborated to ineffective granuloma formation observed among patients with chronic Q fever. Similar genetic polymorphisms have also been suggested for infections caused by T. whipplei although not confirmed yet. In conclusion, this review supports the paramount role of genetic factors in clinical presentations and severity of infections caused by intracellular fastidious bacteria. Genetic predisposition should be further explored through such as exome sequencing.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Child; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans
PubMed: 25366416
DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12806 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Aug 2014Determining if a nonhealing wound is infected can be difficult. The surface of a wound is not sterile and can be colonized with numerous commensal, environmental, and... (Review)
Review
Determining if a nonhealing wound is infected can be difficult. The surface of a wound is not sterile and can be colonized with numerous commensal, environmental, and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Different types of wounds have various clinical presentations, with some signs and symptoms more likely to be present than others depending on the type and location of the wound. Clinicians often order microbiology wound cultures to assist in determining if a nonhealing wound is infected. This minireview briefly summarizes the clinical microbiology of wound cultures, with an emphasis on the history and utility (or lack thereof) of the quantitative wound culture.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Load; Humans; Wound Infection
PubMed: 24648547
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00522-14 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2012The composition of human gut microbiota and their relationship with the host and, consequently, with human health and disease, presents several challenges to... (Review)
Review
The composition of human gut microbiota and their relationship with the host and, consequently, with human health and disease, presents several challenges to microbiologists. Originally dominated by culture-dependent methods for exploring this ecosystem, the advent of molecular tools has revolutionized our ability to investigate these relationships. However, many biases that have led to contradictory results have been identified. Microbial culturomics, a recent concept based on a use of several culture conditions with identification by MALDI-TOF followed by the genome sequencing of the new species cultured had allowed a complementarity with metagenomics. Culturomics allowed to isolate 31 new bacterial species, the largest human virus, the largest bacteria, and the largest Archaea from human. Moreover, some members of this ecosystem, such as Eukaryotes, giant viruses, Archaea, and Planctomycetes, have been neglected by the majority of studies. In addition, numerous factors, such as age, geographic provenance, dietary habits, antibiotics, or probiotics, can influence the composition of the microbiota. Finally, in addition to the countless biases associated with the study techniques, a considerable limitation to the interpretation of studies of human gut microbiota is associated with funding sources and transparency disclosures. In the future, studies independent of food industry funding and using complementary methods from a broad range of both culture-based and molecular tools will increase our knowledge of the repertoire of this complex ecosystem and host-microbiota mutualism.
Topics: Archaea; Bacteria; Biota; Eukaryota; Gastrointestinal Tract; Genomics; Humans; Microbiota; Proteomics; Viruses
PubMed: 23130351
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00136 -
Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2015The coevolution of intracellular bacteria with their eukaryotic hosts has presented these pathogens with numerous challenges for their evolutionary progress and... (Review)
Review
The coevolution of intracellular bacteria with their eukaryotic hosts has presented these pathogens with numerous challenges for their evolutionary progress and survival. Chief among these is the ability to exit from host cells, an event that is fundamentally linked to pathogen dissemination and transmission. Recent years have witnessed a major expansion of research in this area, and this chapter summarizes our current understanding of the spectrum of exit strategies that are exploited by intracellular pathogens. Clear themes regarding the mechanisms of microbial exit have emerged and are most easily conceptualized as (i) lysis of the host cell, (ii) nonlytic exit of free bacteria, and (iii) release of microorganisms into membrane-encased compartments. The adaptation of particular exit strategies is closely linked with additional themes in microbial pathogenesis, including host cell death, manipulation of host signaling pathways, and coincident activation of proinflammatory responses. This chapter will explore the molecular determinants used by intracellular pathogens to promote host cell escape and the infectious advantages each exit pathway may confer, and it will provide an evolutionary framework for the adaptation of these mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Biological Evolution; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 27337274
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0002-2014 -
Gaceta Sanitaria 2021To describe the presence of bacteria at the seller's hand of meatball vendors and cart meatball bowls. (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVE
To describe the presence of bacteria at the seller's hand of meatball vendors and cart meatball bowls.
METHOD
This is a descriptive study with an observational approach. Thirty mobile meatball vendors were recruited as participants. Therefore, the bacterias from bowls and hands were taken by swab sampling. The number of bacterias were obtained using total plate count method by means of nutrient agar. Bacteria types were identified using Gram staining method and bacteria assay.
RESULTS
The hands and bowls swab samples were positive for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in all cases. These microorganisms include Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Klebsiella sp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Enterobacter aglomereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Serratia rubidaea, Yersinia enterocolitica, E. aerogenes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
CONCLUSIONS
Some types of bacterias were present in cart meatball bowls and the sellers' hands. This phenomenon is affiliated with the emergence of food-borne diseases for the consumers.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Humans; Serratia
PubMed: 33832632
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.12.020 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews Jul 2013Among the Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria associated with clinical infections, the Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) are the most prominent and account for... (Review)
Review
Among the Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria associated with clinical infections, the Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) are the most prominent and account for approximately 25-30% of all isolated anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens. Still, routine culture and identification of these slowly growing anaerobes to the species level has been limited in the diagnostic laboratory, mainly due to the requirement of prolonged incubation times and time-consuming phenotypic identification. In addition, GPAC are mostly isolated from polymicrobial infections with known pathogens and therefore their relevance has often been overlooked. However, through improvements in diagnostic and in particular molecular techniques, the isolation and identification of individual genera and species of GPAC associated with specific infections have been enhanced. Furthermore, the taxonomy of GPAC has undergone considerable changes over the years, mainly due to the development of molecular identification methods. Existing species have been renamed and novel species have been added, resulting in changes of the nomenclature. As the abundance and significance of GPAC in clinical infections grow, knowledge of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance patterns of different species becomes more important. The present review describes recent advances of GPAC and what is known of the biology and pathogenic effects of Anaerococcus, Finegoldia, Parvimonas, Peptoniphilus and Peptostreptococcus, the most important GPAC genera isolated from human infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Cocci; Humans
PubMed: 23030831
DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12005 -
Comparative Medicine Apr 2018Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents serious threats to human and animal health. Although AMR of pathogens is often evaluated independently between humans and... (Review)
Review
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents serious threats to human and animal health. Although AMR of pathogens is often evaluated independently between humans and animals, comparative analysis of AMR between humans and animals is necessary for zoonotic pathogens. Major surveillance systems monitor AMR of zoonotic pathogens in humans and food animals, but comprehensive AMR data in veterinary medicine is not diligently monitored for most animal species with which humans commonly contact, including NHP. The objective of this review is to provide a complete report of the prevalences of AMR among zoonotic bacteria that present the greatest threats to NHP, occupational, and public health. High prevalences of AMR exist among Shigella, Campylobacter, and Yersinia, including resistance to antimicrobials important to public health, such as macrolides. Despite improvements in regulations, standards, policies, practices, and zoonotic awareness, occupational exposures to and illnesses due to zoonotic pathogens continue to be reported and, given the documented prevalences of AMR, constitute an occupational and public health risk. However, published literature is sparse, thus indicating the need for veterinarians to proactively monitor AMR in dangerous zoonotic bacteria, to enable veterinarians to make more informed decisions to maximize antimicrobial therapy and minimize occupational risk.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Campylobacter; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Primates; Shigella; Yersinia; Zoonoses
PubMed: 29663937
DOI: No ID Found